Comparing and Contrasting Between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Essay Essays

Looking into Between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Essay Essays Looking into Between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Essay Looking into Between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Essay Looking into between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Every calling has its ain magnificence. Nursing is an expert industry with obligation for of import endeavors in clinical frameworks. For a long clasp. proficient â€Å"nurses† . especially birthing specialist medical attendants. were viewed as low-status ; they regularly accomplished the overabundance function as assistants in the ground powers. They assisted with purifying. cookery. wash. and so forth. A 2012 exploration by Marjie Bloy found that Florence Nightingale is introduced as an open wellbeing medical attendant to propel the cutting edge industry. Since she was the child of a princely family unit. Nightingale’s guardians were astonished and vanquished when she chose to go a medical caretaker. At that point she requested clinical consideration advancements for the hapless and the business a little bit at a time took of import stairss to help medical attendants in health proficient positions. There are a few misinterpretations between what a Certified Nurse-birthing specialist and Certified Midwife are. This article will break down this disarray by looking into between Certified Nurse Midwives and Certified Midwives. Above all else. to see plainly what Certified Nurse Midwife and Certified Midwife are. we will take a gander at their definitions. Blending to Hartley Heather. a Certified Nurse Midwife is a single prepared and authorized in both nursing and obstetrics. while a Certified Midwife is a single prepared and affirmed in obstetrics simply. Second. what concentrate way should understudies follow in the event that they would wish to go Midwife? The interest for permission to the Midwifery Education Program for CNM is fairly unique to CM. In her article Different way. possibilities. Susan Trossman portrays the distinction. the interest for Admission to Midwifery Education Program among CM and CNM: a CM needs a Bachelor’s grade from a dispatched school or college and fruitful fulfillment of explicit logical order classs. while in CNM. there are 2 occasions. In the event that the applier has a bachelor’s grade. be that as it may, non a RN permit. a few plans will require accomplishment of a RN permit preceding section into the birthing specialist plan ; others will let the student to accomplish a RN permit before graduate study. Be that as it may. on the off chance that the applier is a RN however doesn’t have a bachelor’s grade. a few plans give a range plan to a bachelor’s grade before the obstetrics part of the arrangement. Different plans require a bachelor’s grade before section into the obstetrics plan. In add-on. in the wake of dissecting for 5 mature ages. the evaluation the students are conceded are very unique: the CM will hold a Master’s grade ; while. the CNM will hold a Master’s or Doctoral evaluation. At long last. subsequent to securing Licensed. Jolivet Rima kept up in her article Nurse-Midwives focused on grown-up females all through the lifetime that in spite of the fact that CNMs are authorized in every one of the 50 areas in addition to the District of Columbia and US regions. CMs are only authorized in New Jersey. New York. furthermore, Rhode Island. A 2002 journal by Lois McClosky said CNMs would work in Boardss of Nursing. Boardss of Midwifery/Nurse-Midwifery. Leading group of Midwifery. Leading group of Medicine. also, Department of Health. Dissimilar to CNMs. all things considered. CMs would work in Board of Midwifery. Leading body of Medicine. also, Department of Health. On the different manus. in her journal. Lisa L Paine portrays what CNMs and CMs share for all intents and purpose. As a matter of first importance. the two of them partition the Clinical Experience Skills Requirement which incorporates the bearing of essential consideration for grown-up females all through the lifetime. counting generative wellbeing consideration. incubation. furthermore, birth ; consideration of the ordinary neonate ; and bearing of explicitly transmitted contaminations in male companions. Second. CNMs. like CMs. Saraswathi Vedam composed that both are free heading of women’s health consideration through the lifetime. from youth through climacteric. At long last. a 2006 article account by Michelle Nolin Flewell talks about the likenesses of work topographic focuses. CNMs and CMs both work in clinics. birth focuses. places. what's more, workplaces. The greater part of CNMs and CMs take care of births in hospitals. In choice. the contrasts between Certified Nurse Midwives and Certified Midwifes are: definitions. investigate waies and licensures. Be that as it may. they partition a few likenesses, for example, Clinical Experience Requirement. Scope of Care Provided. what's more, Practice Settings.

Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet Free Essays

Kenneth Branagh’s 1996 adjustment of Hamlet is an incredible method to appreciate the well known Shakespeare play. While I saw the film as very extensive, I completely delighted in observing a film form of the story I just knew a smidgen about from perusing a portion of Hamlet in secondary school. I think Kenneth Branagh worked superbly in making the screen play into a film. We will compose a custom article test on Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Everything in each scene couldn’t have been accomplished all the more impeccably. Even better is simply the cast, with entertainers like Kenneth Branagh himself, as Hamlet, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Billy Crystal, and Robin Williams among numerous other extraordinary on-screen characters. The catastrophe begins with simply that, disaster, the passing of Hamlet’s Father, the ruler. The film begins with the guardians working seeing a ghost or something to that affect, which they later learn is Hamlet’s expired dad. The gatekeepers choose to tell Hamlet of this odd specter after Hamlet’s mother, the queen’s wedding to her brother by marriage. While the wedding is going on and after the function, Hamlet is plainly upset. The sovereign is wedding Hamlet’s father’s sibling just two brief a long time after his father’s abrupt passing. The gatekeepers tell Hamlet of the weird nebulous vision that is frequenting them daily and Hamlet is interested, he needs to see it for himself. In my preferred scene of the whole film, Hamlet goes through the foggy woods that night, hollering, shouting for his father’s disastrous passing. He gets a reaction from his father’s soul; his father’s voice talks in the most bone chilling voice. He discloses to Hamlet that his demise was â€Å"most merciless and most unnatural† and he makes this understood, saying it more than once. He says his sibling snuck up on him while he was sleeping in the plantation and emptied a diseased blend into his ear. The King’s own sibling submitted the deed that made him become sick and pass on very quickly. Prior to vanishing into the night, the specter says to Hamlet â€Å"Remember me! † This experience is obviously exceptionally enthusiastic for Hamlet. Hamlet needs to vindicate his father’s demise. He chooses the best way to wear on the new king’s inner voice is to given a performance that is fundamentally the narrative of his father’s selling out by his sibling and the sovereign for having hitched him. While this is going on, everybody is stating Hamlet has gone â€Å"mad† in light of his flighty conduct, yet credits it to his being love debilitated over his young lady companion, Ophelia. Hamlet adores Ophelia, and she cherishes him, however her dad precludes her to see him any more. Hamlet is infuriated by this, as he is numerous things Ophelia’s father says and does. In the warmth of a contention, Hamlet slaughters Ophelia’s Father. Ophelia is crushed, goes crazy, and in the end winds up suffocating herself. Ophelia’s sibling comes back from France to discover his dad has been killed by Hamlet and Ophelia has slaughtered herself. Obviously, Ophelia’s sibling is angry. Ophelia’s sibling and the King plan for him and Hamlet to fight. They intend to harm the cup Hamlet drinks from during the battle, so he will without a doubt pass on. While fencing, the King demands that Hamlet drink for progressing admirably, however he abstains and says he will hold until some other time. Next, the sovereign offers him a beverage, however again he cannot, so she drinks out of the cup that is harmed. The battle turns very horrible and Ophelia’s sibling is struck down. Simultaneously the sovereign has tumbled to the floor, kicking the bucket, saying she had been harmed before she took her final gasp. Ophelia’s sibling admits that the King is the person who harmed the cup so as to execute Hamlet. Hamlet and Ophelia’s sibling present appropriate reparations before he passes on. Angered, Hamlet pursues the King and feeds him the toxic substance. The King bites the dust. At that point Hamlet bites the dust of harming. The Norwegian crown ruler and his military tempest the château so as to accept the seat, burning through no time. They are surprised by the regal passings. I thought the film had an incredible cast, every extraordinary on-screen character that made a magnificent showing. Kenneth Branagh made a decent Hamlet. I loved Hamlet’s character and sought the best after him, despite the fact that I didn't concur with a portion of the things he did. I felt severely for Hamlet, as I additionally did Ophelia when she ended her own life out of wretchedness. I think it is miserable they didn't wind up together; however of course that’s the point, it’s a catastrophe. I adored the first King, despite the fact that he wasn’t in the film much in living thing, he appeared to be a reasonable and savvy King. The entertainer who played the ruler made a fabulous showing in the foggy woods scene. With everything taken into account the whole cast was exceptionally persuading, so much that you either came to love or despise the characters. I think there are numerous subjects in Hamlet. The one that stands apart the most is the significance of speculation before acting. Hamlet does and expresses numerous things he may not on the off chance that he set aside some effort to first â€Å"cool down†. It appears as though he is too rushed to even consider acting and this regularly pushes him into difficulty causing awful things to happen that he can’t basically reclaim. Another exercise to take from Hamlet is that nothing is everlastingly and nothing is sure. Hamlet grappled with the legitimacy of the experience of his father’s ghost, he addressed whether it truly occurred. For certain things in this life there is no hard science. At times the appropriate responses are not in every case clear; you simply need to confide in your own judgment. I truly delighted in viewing the film form of Hamlet. Honestly I figured transforming a play into a film would be hard to make fascinating, yet it was done incredibly well. I couldn't imagine anything better than to go to a genuine live play adaptation of Hamlet. I figure the experience of seeing the misbehaving close on a phase would be very surprising at that point viewing the film in light of the fact that the crowd can get increasingly engaged with the story, however the film is a decent approach on the off chance that you don’t have the chance to see the play. The minor enhancements in the film truly help to attract you, yet it’s nothing noteworthy that couldn’t be done in front of an audience too. Hamlet is a great story that has stood the trial of time. I’m sure it will be constantly reenacted and adjusted for motion pictures in ages to come. Step by step instructions to refer to Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet, Papers

Introductory paragraph and online worksheet Essay

I am number three of four youngsters in the family line up, the sole to set off for college. My folks consistently have been steady of my returning to class since they didn't complete grade school. My profession plan is to turn into an Elementary School Teacher or a Marriage and Family Therapist. I am as of now taking a shot at getting my bachelor’s qualification in brain science, conceivably a master’s certificate in training or directing. College of Phoenix was one of my first school decisions, I adored that I could concentrate on each class in turn and have the option to work all day. The apparatuses accessible to a University of Phoenix understudy are astounding; form a lifelong arrangement, do work statistical surveying, online library, character tests, and significantly more. My capabilities helped me to perceive what my qualities and shortcomings are, for example, enhancing, composing, adjusting to change, and adapting to pressure. When I finished the profession intrigue profiler, I was not astounded to see that my outcomes urged me to be an instructor or a specialist since I am keen on that. <p

Essay Topics For Animal Farm - A Short Introduction

Essay Topics For Animal Farm - A Short IntroductionIt is not that easy to write an essay topic for Animal Farm. To make it sound less intimidating, you have to think of all the animals that are portrayed on the book.The farm is set in the middle eastern societies where the Russian Empire, Ottoman and other large empires exist. The writers of the book had a lot of freedom to do what they want because they have a large audience. The method they used to describe events was completely different than how historians would look at things. What is most interesting about it is that there is no accurate information available about the year in which the events take place, only some descriptions of people's behavior.The goal of a project is to give students a hint of the importance of research. Many students find writing essays on an essay topic for Animal Farm to be difficult. Even though there is very little information available about the year in which it took place, many students can use thi s opportunity to form their own conclusion. In addition, a student should make sure they take the time to research the other characters on the book.The character of George Orwell was very famous when the book was written, and today he is considered one of the major authors. George is considered to be one of the greatest minds who ever lived. He was very critical of people's behavior in society, which is why his essay topic is so good for students to write. It is important for students to understand that it takes years of practice to perfect writing a text essay.Many students who plan to do an essay on Animal Farm are not completely satisfied with what they have written. There is a lot of room for improvement in a work of art. To ensure that your students get the best they can from their writing you have to make sure they think of Animal Farm as they would have done if they were George Orwell. Take the time to do research into the characters and the story.Writing essays on Animal Far m is not easy. However, if you are determined enough, you can learn a lot from the book. There are many resources out there that will help you improve your skills in writing essays. You just have to pick one and practice writing about Animal Farm. You will eventually come up with great material that will make you a better writer.When writing an essay topic for Animal Farm, you have to consider your own opinions. You have to form your own opinions as well as those of the characters in the book. This article may be of interest to you in learning more about essays on this topic.

Democracy Debate in Herodotus

Herodotus, the Greek historian known as the Father of History, describes a debate on the three government types  (Herodotus III.80-82), in which proponents of each type tell whats wrong or right with democracy. 1. The monarchist  (supporter of rule by one person, be it a king, tyrant, dictator, or emperor) says freedom, one component of what we today think of as a democracy, can be given just as well by monarchs. 2. The oligarch  (supporter of rule by a few, especially the aristocracy but could also be the best educated) points out the inherent danger of democracy -- mob rule. 3. The pro-democracy speaker (supporter of rule by the citizens who in a direct democracy all vote on all issues) says in democracy magistrates are held accountable and are selected by lot; deliberation is made by the entire citizen body (optimally, according to Plato, 5040 adult males). Equality is the guiding principle of democracy. Read the three positions: Book III 80. When the tumult had subsided and more than five days had elapsed, those who had risen against the Magians began to take counsel about the general state, and there were spoken speeches which some of the  Hellenes  do not believe were really uttered, but spoken they were nevertheless. On the one hand Otanes urged that they should resign the government into the hands of the whole body of the Persians, and his words were as follows: To me, it seems best that no single one of us should henceforth be ruler, for that is neither pleasant nor profitable. Ye saw the insolent temper of Cambyses, to what lengths it went, and ye have had experience also of the insolence of the Magian: and how should the rule of one alone be a well-ordered thing, seeing that the monarch may do what he desires without rendering any account of his acts? Even the best of all men, if he were placed in this disposition, would be caused by it to change from his wonted disposition: for insolence is engendered in him by the good things which he possesses, and envy is implanted in man from the beginning; and having these two things, he has all vice: for he does many deeds of reckless wrong, partly moved by insolence proceeding from satiety, and partly by envy. And yet a despot at least ought to have been free from envy, seeing that he has all manner of good things. He is however naturally in just the opposite temper towards his subjects; for he grudges to the nobles that they should survive and live, but delights in the basest of citizens, and he is more ready than any other man to receive calumnies. Then of all things he is the most inconsistent; for if you express admiration of him moderately, he is offended that no very great court is paid to him, whereas if you pay court to him extravagantly, he is offended with you for being a flatterer. And the most important matter of all is that which I am about to say:--he disturbs the customs handed down from our fathers, he is a ravisher of women, and he puts men to death without trial. On the other hand the rule of many has first a name attaching to it which is the fairest of all names, that is to say Equality; next, the multitude does none of those things which the monarch does: offices of state are exercised by lot, and the magistrates are compelled to render account of their action: and finally all matters of deliberation are referred to the public assembly. I therefore give as my opinion that we let monarchy go and increase the power of the multitude; for in the many is contained everything. 81. This was the opinion expressed by Otanes; but Megabyzos urged that they should entrust matters to the rule of a few, saying these words: That which Otanes said in opposition to a tyranny, let it be counted as said for me also, but in that which he said urging that we should make over the power to the multitude, he has missed the best counsel: for nothing is more senseless or insolent than a worthless crowd; and for men flying from the insolence of a despot to fall into that of unrestrained popular power, is by no means to be endured: for he, if he does anything, does it knowing what he does, but the people cannot even know; for how can that know which has neither been taught anything noble by others nor perceived anything of itself, but pushes on matters with violent impulse and without understanding, like a torrent stream? Rule of the people then let them adopt who are foes to the Persians; but let us choose a company of the best men, and to them attach the chief power; for in t he number of these we shall ourselves also be, and it is likely that the resolutions taken by the best men will be the best. 82. This was the opinion expressed by Megabyzos; and thirdly Dareios proceeded to declare his opinion, saying: To me it seems that in those things which Megabyzos said with regard to the multitude he spoke rightly, but in those which he said with regard to the rule of a few, not rightly: for whereas there are three things set before us, and each is supposed to be the best in its own kind, that is to say a good popular government, and the rule of a few, and thirdly the rule of one, I say that this last is by far superior to the others; for nothing better can be found than the rule of an individual man of the best kind; seeing that using the best judgment he would be guardian of the multitude without reproach; and resolutions directed against enemies would so best be kept secret. In an oligarchy however it happens often that many, while practising virtue with regard to the commonwealth, have strong private enmities arising among themselves; for as each man desires to be himself the lea der and to prevail in counsels, they come to great enmities with one another, whence arise factions among them, and out of the factions comes murder, and from murder results the rule of one man; and thus it is shown in this instance by how much that is the best. Again, when the people rules, it is impossible that corruption should not arise, and when corruption arises in the commonwealth, there arise among the corrupt men not enmities but strong ties of friendship: for they who are acting corruptly to the injury of the commonwealth put their heads together secretly to do so. And this continues so until at last some one takes the leadership of the people and stops the course of such men. By reason of this the man of whom I speak is admired by the people, and being so admired he suddenly appears as monarch. Thus he too furnishes herein an example to prove that the rule of one is the best thing. Finally, to sum up all in a single word, whence arose the liberty which we possess, and who gave it to us? Was it a gift of the people or of an oligarchy or of a monarch? I therefore am of opinion that we, having been set free by one man, should preserve that form of rule, and in other respects also that we should not annul the customs of our fathers which are ordered well; for that is not the better way. Source: Herodotus Book III

Ontological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay

In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents his second argument for the existence of God. Descartes holds that existence is perfection and so, it can be a predicate for God. I will first explain what is the ontological argument for the existence of God. Next, I will discuss why Descartes decides to bring God into His method of philosophy. I will then try to argue that existence is a perfection and that as a predicate for God, existence reveal certain true about God. Ontological argument tries to prove the existence of God from a priori perspective, i.e., idea implanted in the human mind by God himself. The argument therefore depends on analytic reasoning, from premise to conclusion. Descartes believes that he has an inborn idea which he†¦show more content†¦Thus, having proven his own existence beyond doubt, Descartes can now proceed to discover other clear and distinct truth, i.e., God. After Descartes proves his very existence out of the shadow of a doubt, he must now find a perfect and all-knowing God in order to escape the evil genius. For Descartes, sensory experience are all doubtful and thus, he would consider them to be false for nothing truth can be deduced from sensory experience up to this point of the meditations (Beardsley p.33). As long as the deceiver is in place, his quest for an epistemological guarantor will persist. Thereby, the existence of an all-perfect non-deceiving God is necessary for Descartes to be certain ab out clear and distinct ideas. Descartes seeks to prove the existence of God and as we already know, part of his idea of God is an absolutely perfect being, then according to Descartes, conceiving this idea of God is almost the same thing as conceiving that God actually exists. Therefore, Descartes must then proceed to prove the existence of such a perfect God. In his mind, Descartes conceives different ideas of things. Those ideas may be â€Å"situated outside† of his mind or within his thoughts (Beardsley p.44). For Descartes, God is an infinite substance, â€Å"independent, all-knowing, all-powerful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from which all things proceed (p.48). In other word, God is the most perfect being from whom all other things proceed. According to Descartes’ philosophy, the idea ofShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of God : Ontological Argument Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of the existence of God has troubled mankind for thousands of years. Many philosophers and theologians have always searched for prove whether God exists. Many of them constructed valid arguments which support theist believes. The existence of God was once never denied, as His presence, His existence was evident in miracles and the people s faith. But time and the advancement of modern science have called God and His very nature into question. The P erfect Being has become the sourceRead MoreThe Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe ontological argument is one of the most prominent arguments with in philosophy. Ontological comes from the Greek word â€Å"ontos† meaning â€Å"being† or â€Å"what there is†. Ontology credits the existence of God to overall essence of God. The ontology argument questions the nature of being which includes questioning the existence of God. As made apparent in â€Å"Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings† many philosophers have different views and theories on the existence of God. AnslemRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ ontological argument is an echo of the original ontological argument for the existence of God as proposed by St. Anselm in the 11th century. To illustrate the background of the ontological argument, Anselm’s argument wor ks within a distinct framework of ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a perfect God that embodies existence, forRead MoreOntological Argument For The Existence Of God1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper I will discuss the argument of Anselms ontological argument for the existence of god. His basis of his argument being an analytical breakdown for the reason fot gods exsistence. While also establishing that Anselms inferences found with his use of deduction and logical means to prove the existence of a higher being are indeed true. In addition I will defend Anselms argument by depicting other people’s objections against his argument. Specifically the argument made by Gaunilo, who disagreedRead MoreAn Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1430 Words   |  6 PagesNatural Religion (1779), Hume has the charact er of Demea present an Ontological Argument for the existence of God. Demea attempts to argue that God’s existence can be proven wholly a priori and logically, rather than through the a posteriori design argument. A priori arguments say that if the reasoning is valid then the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, which Demea argues is the case when it comes to the existence of god. The following essay will discuss Demea s standing, Cleanthes’Read MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 Pages10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument fails because necessary existence for a concept doesRead MoreAnselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God935 Words   |  4 PagesAnselm’s Ontological argument sets out to not only prove God’s existence, but to show that God’s existence is self-evident. Similar to other ontological arguments, it uses a priori knowledge to argue its validity, meaning that the propositions made are derived from internal reasoning instead of sense experience. The argument begins with Anselm defining the term God as â€Å"that, than which nothing greater can be conceived† (pg.26). Although simple, once this term is accepted Anselm believes he has successfullyRead MoreThe Major Features of the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1021 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument for the existence of God was originally set out in eleventh century by St. Anselm in his Proslogian. Anselm was a Benedictine monk, Archbishop of Canterbury, and one of the great medieval theologians. It has received a lot of both support and criticism from leaning philosophers. The argument is appeals to those who already believe in the existence of God than to an atheist. The argument is entirelyRead MoreValidity And Effectiveness Of Anselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God1095 Words   |  5 PagesAnselm s Ontological Argument on the existence of God. I will begin by presenting Anselm’s Ontological Argument from the ground up. This includes the argument, basic idea, initial assumptions, Anselm’s definition of god, and Anselm s distinctions which are needed to completely understand the nature of my argument. Furthermore, I will present concepts of logic and define what makes an argument valid, and circular argument because they are necessary for understanding the validity of this argument. Following

Marketing and Entrepreneurship for Clean Environment-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Entrepreneurship for Clean Environment. Answer: One of the non-profit organisations that were established to keep the country clean from the waste products is Clean Up Australia ("Clean Up Australia Day - Official Site", 2017). In order to keep the trend they have to build collaboration with the organizations, communities and the government. Among the 7Ps of implementing marketing, this organisation follows promotion strategy in a effective way ("Develop a marketing strategy | Business Queensland", 2017). According to my perspective, this strategy will help them to achieve their objectives in spreading awareness about the need of a clean environment. The trust and the charity are the exchanging elements between these non profit organisations and other marketing organisations organisations which will aid them succeed in their goal. In terms of earning profit, this company spends the charitable money by buying equipments that will be used in cleaning the environment and the country, instead of making any profit. Billabong is a well known business brand formed by Gordon and Rena Merchant from Australia in 1973 (Payne, 2014). The Billabong is a surfing company that primarily deals with clothing retailer that produces accessories such as snowboard, skateboard, watches and backpacks. But the core business has shattered in the last few years. According to me, todays youth do not find the product anymore cool to wear. The reason behind the deteriorating business is not the over priced products but the indifference among the customers with a prolonged shift from the fashions inspired by surfing. Customers visiting the mentioned site do not find any reviews regarding the products whether these are safe and authentic. Thus, to my opinion these factors inhibit the Billabong to build relationship with the target customers (Industry, 2017). One of the effective ways to measure the distribution of income among people of the society is to calculate the decile ratio. It is important for the company to collect economic and financial data from the employees and Labour hours from Northern Territory of North island of New Zealand. This form of primary data can be collected with the help of Survey analysis from all the workers and employees in the respective region (Vanek et al. 2014). It is important for the surveyors, who are responsible for collecting data to fix up on their area of data collection. The company need to refer to the government report of Survey analysis and other relevant economic report that are made after collecting data from the respective area. It is also important to evaluate the primary source of income for the people. This can help to ensure that proper analysis of the data is done. The company also need to identify whether there is any inequality in the income level of the people. The company also need to recruit proper data analyst, who will have the skill to provide detailed information from the statistical report which is obtained from government records and survey analysis (Atkinson Bourguignon, 2014). Nestle, Pepsi Unilever are currently, three of the major FMCG global brands. The target customer for Nestle includes all the people who are highly conscious about the health as most of the products are related to health and dietary supplements and baby products. In order to further the segment the market, it is essential for the Nestle to target the younger generations, who are passionate about good health ("News Feed", 2017). The Pepsi on the other hand uses the techniques of mass marketing as they sell beverage drinks that can be consumed by all types of people. As in the recent times, Pepsi is launching beverage drinks with low sugar and calorific value, it is essential that they segment the market by targeting the health conscious people. Unilever is a company, which sells a wide range of products that is related to personal and home care category. The company mainly uses the techniques of mass marketing in order to attract maximum possible customers. There are also few high priced luxury product of the company, which is aimed for the people of rich section of the society. Out of these three brands the marketing technique of Unilever is the best as they use different methods of marketing. The Pepsi has the worst ranking due to the fact that they do not provide message for any particular groups of customers ("About", 2017). The generation of the baby boomers comprises population of approximately 80 million people who were born in between 1946-1964 and successfully affecting the marketing trends through decades (Gursoy, Chi Karadag, 2013). In modern world, the demographic changes are taking place due to economic crisis. But Baby Boomers are thought to maintain the trend by marketing traditional products. Thus some of the international companies are reported to increase their revenue by following the trends of Baby Boomers. These baby boomers are predicted to live long than previous generation and controls 70% of disposable income of nations. A research by IBIS world provided the examples of the industries that will benefit from this generations habit of spending, published in Booming: Industries Benefiting from the Aging Population. First marketing trend is associated with the Baby Boomers who are self-employed and might plan to sell their stock to fund retirement. Thus the financial advisers, business appraisers and tax planners are expecting to experience a booming revenue growth. Second marketing trend is the increased revenue growth of the international tour companies that offer trips to the retired boomers who planned to spend their savings in touring during their healthy stage of life. This will also increase the revenue growth for the travel insurers through the boomers willing to give high premiums. Next are the non profit entities such as churches, agencies for animal adoption, homeless shelters and education based organisations. Baby Boomers increase their revenue by volunteering young generations and providing generous charities after their retirement. Baby boomers health are thought to decline with age, so the health companies are focussed on reducing medical expenditures and facilitating latest treatments such as Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) that negotiates with the medicine companies in terms of discounts, processing claims and retail networking, concierge docto rs who are take fixed fees with limited patients. These doctors gain more money by seeing less patients providing personalized and special assistance to the patients ("Industries that Could Be Booming as the Baby Boomers Age | Flagel Huber Flagel", 2017). Therefore, in this way the demographic trends are affecting the international marketing that benefits the ageing baby boomers. References About. (2017).Unilever global company website. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.unilever.com/about/ Atkinson, A. B., Bourguignon, F. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of income distribution. Elsevier. Clean Up Australia Day - Official Site. (2017).Cleanupaustraliaday.org.au. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.cleanupaustraliaday.org.au/ Develop a marketing strategy | Business Queensland. (2017).Business.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/marketing-promotion/strategy Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G. Q., Karadag, E. (2013). Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 40-48. Industries that Could Be Booming as the Baby Boomers Age | Flagel Huber Flagel. (2017).Fhf-cpa.com. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://fhf-cpa.com/industries-that-could-be-booming-as-the-baby-boomers-age/ Industry, B. (2017).Billabongs Downfall May Signal The Death Of The Entire Surfwear Industry.Business Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.com/billabong-demise-surfwear-2013-11?IR=T News Feed. (2017). https://www.nestle.com.au. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.nestle.com.au/media/news-feed#itemPerPage=20 Payne, A. (2014). Selling surf, sun and fitness: Queensland's mass-market fashion.Fashion Archives,2014(9). Vanek, J., Chen, M. A., Carr, F., Heintz, J., Hussmanns, R. (2014). Statistics on the informal economy: Definitions, regional estimates and challenges.Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) Working Paper (Statistics),2.

THE 1999 FORD MUSTANG Essays - Coupes, Convertibles, Muscle Cars

THE 1999 FORD MUSTANG? The 1999 Mustang is a superb automobile at an excellent value. Ford has created a car with all of the amenities for a fair price. The performance and handling of this car is exceptional and the competition should be worried. When this car is driving down the strip, its styling will most definitely catch your eye. For a reasonable price tag you can own the '99 mustang. About $23,000 will get you a fully loaded pony. This car comes with everything from a high performance V-8 engine to leather, lumbar supported seats. This car also has an optional V-6 engine. The $23,000 GT model comes with power windows and door locks, standard Am/FM stereo/cassette CD player with six powerful speakers. It also comes with cruise control, which is mounted on the side of the steering wheel along with the stereo controls, so you virtually never have to take your eyes off the road. The performance of this car is excellent at all speeds. The Mustang's optional 4.6 liter V-8 engine produces a neck pulling 260-horse power at 5,000 rpm, which shoots off the line like a "bat out of hell". It comes with an optional four speed automatic or if you want to feel the full power of this pony you will go with the five speed standard transmission; which of course gets slightly better gas mileage. The gas mileage is about 17 mpg in the city and 24 mpg on the highway. Ford has made a finely tuned suspension that provides a comfortable yet firm ride. The pony takes sharp turns beautifully with its 16-inch alloy wheels and z-rated tires. Ford completely redesigned the '99 Mustang from the inside out. The car's interior is not only comfortable, but very stylish. The climate control is very easy to adjust along with the rest of the car's controls. The GT model also comes with a security system, which includes keyless entry, standard. The exterior of the car has been dramatically changed and includes a wide variety of colors. It comes with a choice of three different styles of aluminum wheels. The rear of the body has two intricately carved half- circle openings for the stainless steel exhaust system, which creates the Mustang's unique sounding rumble. The car is also available with fog lamps and an optional spoiler. In the '99 Mustang you have got style, comfort, and most important plenty of power. What more could you ask for in an automobile. For about $23,000 you are getting a great car at a great value. Do not take my word for it; you have to drive the car to truly appreciate the Mustang. With interest rates lower than they have been in years and if you are in the market to buy a new car, you have to test-drive the 1999 Ford Mustang. Anthony Thermenos 2-11-98 TR

dust bowl essays

dust bowl essays The early 1900's were a time of turmoil for farmers in the United States, especially in the Great Plains region. After the end of World War I, overproduction by farmers resulted in low prices for crops. When farmers first came to the Midwest, they farmed as much wheat as they could because of the high prices and demand. Of the ninety-seven acres, almost thirty-two million acres were being cultivated. The farmers were careless in their planting of the crop, caring only about profit, and they started plowing grasslands that were not made for planting Because of their constant plowing year after year and the lack of rainfall, the soil was quickly losing its fertility. With unfertile, dry land, the wheat crop started dying, and then blowing away with wind. Due to the improper farming, along with a long drought, dust storms made life in the Dust Bowl very burdensome. During the 1930's, the Great Plains was plagued with a drought, a long period of dryness, which brought demise to many of the farmers in the region. This horrible drought started in 1930, a year that saw heavy rains in a very short time, which cause flooding in many areas of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The year continued to with horrible blizzards in the winter and a drought into the late summer. Many of the farms in the Great Plains, losing most of the crop, were greatly affected by the first droughts of the 1930's. The months of July and August saw about a forty-percent decrease of precipitation compared to previous years. From 1934 to 1936, A record drought hit the southwestern region. In 1934 the temperature was excruciatingly hot, causing many to die as a result of the heat. 1935 was a year where rainfall was very, very scarce. The heat began to rise at fast rates in the summer of 1936, with many days reaching above 120 degrees. The drought, along with the dust storms, we re major reasons for poor farming in the Great Plains during the early to mid-1930's ...

Educational services PEI ( prince Edward Island) Essay

Educational services PEI ( prince Edward Island) - Essay Example It accounts around 78% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The largest employer amongst all the sectors is the retail sector of Canada, then health care and the education are the two largest service sectors of Canada and both are operated and fall under the concern of the Canadian government. Then are the business services that employee a little percentage of people. Business services include financial services, the communication industry and real estate services. Other than these there is a tourism industry focusing on increasing the tourism and tourists, entertainment industry which works for meeting both the domestic and foreign demands and the high tech industry. (Internation Monetary Fund (IMF), 2012) Amongst all the sub sectors of the services sector, ‘educational services’ is selected for this paper. The educational sector of the Canada plays an important role in building the knowledge skills and capabilities of the Canadian labor. According to the NAICS (61) educational services in the Canada comprises of the establishments that provide the Canadian economy with the training and instructions in the wide variety of the subjects. All the instructions and trainings to the seekers are provided by the specialized establishments that are the schools, colleges, universities and further training centers. These establishments can be privately owned that are either operated for profits or non profits or they might be public owned and operated establishments. These establishments along with the instructions and trainings offer food and the accommodation services to their students. Educational services to the students are provided by the teachers. Teachers, tell, explain, supervise, demonstrate and direct learning of their students. The instructions are communicated to the students through diverse settings that include the educational institutions, television, work place and home through the correspondence. Further, it c ould

A Detailed Analysis of Mental Illness and Madness within One Flew over Dissertation

A Detailed Analysis of Mental Illness and Madness within One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Rain Man - Dissertation Example One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 3.1 The context of the book and the film 3.2 The film’s representation of mental illness 3.3 The reception of the film 4. Rain Man 4.1 The context of the film 4.2 The film’s representation of mental illness 4.3 The reception of the film 5. Conclusion Bibliography A detailed analysis of mental illness and madness as they are presented within One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Rain Man.1 Introduction Every human society draws boundary lines between different categories of people, and the fictional works that are produced in each generation both reflect and contest these prevailing categorisations.This study examines the concept of mental illness, sometimes labelled as madness, deviance, or disability, with particular reference to the way that these issues are represented in two films.The literature review in section 2 explores the history of madness, and the extensive theoretical literature on madness as a social phenomenon f irst of all, and then examines its literary and film representation, showing how films represent tensions and changes in social categorisations.Theoretical debates on the subject are summarised, and the ambivalence of contemporary society towards mental illness is explained in the light of these at times conflicting perspectives.This review therefore provides a firm theoretical foundation for analysis of the representation of madness in films.... two films and their reception are compared, showing how an evolution in social attitudes towards mental illness has taken place over the last fifty years in the United States, and arguably also across the Western world which is heavily influenced by mass market films such as the two under discussion in this study. The implications of this change for modern Western societies are considered, as well as the limitations of these filmic representations and the considerable tensions and ambiguities which still remain and are carried into the new millennium. 2. Literature review There is a vast literature on the way that madness has been defined and dealt with throughout history, and another huge amount of material available on literary and cinematic representations of madness. It would not be feasible to cover all of this ground and so for the purposes of the present study a two part literature review will suffice. Part one deals with the history of madness and therapeutic treatments meted out in different historical periods, with an emphasis on the last two hundred years. The contribution of psychology and sociology are discussed, and the gradual evolution from an absolute concept of â€Å"madness† to a more relative concept of â€Å"mental illness† is described. In part two the role of fictional representations of madness is discussed, showing how they both reflect prevailing opinion and in some cases also challenge it. The particular context of modern mass market film is emphasised, with some the underlying theories about its role in contemporary society. The scope of the literature review is to summarise early theories very briefly and concentrate on the period immediately after the Second World War, and on the debates and issues that were important in the specific context

Sealed Bids vs Competitive Essay Example for Free

Sealed Bids vs Competitive Essay Sealed bidding and Competitive Proposals have their advantages and disadvantages for private contractors. The government offers the opportunity to contractors to place their bids depending on the specifics of the job or the contract requirements then the government will choose the channel which they will send the solicitation through. For Sealed Bidding is an Invitation for Bids and for Competitive Proposals bids are two ways of solicitation, a Request for Quotation and Request for Proposals (Murphy 2009). An advantage for contractors that are bidding through Sealed bidding is that they are not obligated to provide any information on cost or the profit to justify their bid price. The government has no control over that part and will have to rely solely on the price competition without having all the facts to know if the bid is a reasonable one. This can be a great advantage in making a higher profit if the contractor’s cost for the project is low. Another advantage is that there are no negotiations before, through the period of evaluation or after. There are no individual discussions with any bidder during the process, and no price discussions occur† (Murphy 2009, p. 18). Competitive Proposal advantages for contractors can occur when the government uses a tradeoff. Even though a tradeoff is used by the government when they feel it is to their benefit, it can also be advantageous for a contractor because if chosen the contractor once again does not have to be concerned with the cost or price and still be the one with the higher bid. This process permits tradeoffs among cost or price and noncost factors and allows the government to accept other than the lowest priced proposal† (Murphy 2009, p. 21). The difference with this approach is that the government can either arrange to have a discussion with the contractors or simply make their decision without holding a discussion. When the government chooses to hold a discussion they will select the proposals from those contractors that were in the competitive range. Then the government will have discussions with these contractors in which they can review their proposal, make adjustments and resubmit a new proposal. Although discussions are offered in some cases the government may opt to make their decision without a discussion or the change for contractors to review and change their bids (Murphy 2009, p. 21). The advantage would be for those contractors that were given the chance to make adjustments to their proposals which based on their discussion could be closer on making the final award. The two contracting methods have advantages for contractors but in my opinion the Sealed bidding is a less extensive process for both the government and the contractor. From the contractor’s perspective I would prefer the Sealed bidding for the fact that there are no extra requirements to prove costs and price.

Attacked by a Friend :: essays papers

Attacked by a Friend Long long time ago in a galaxy far far away. Really only four years ago on a Friday night in a small redneck town just west of Atlanta. We had just moved to a new home in the same city. My younger brother had a friend, whose name is Jason, spend the night at our new home. As the Friday evening wore on, I mostly stayed in my room on the internet. I did the best as I could to be as anti-social as I could. However, at last, all of the people I was talking to on CompuServe signed off and I was left all alone. Therefore, as hard as it was for me to go to my brother’s room and play with him and his friend, I did it. I had a blast. The night was actually turning out to be not so horrible. As the night wore on we continued to play, and then it happened. I swung at his face in a joking manner and with out realizing it, Jason had pulled out a knife and it had cut me. Instead of pain, I felt a surge of pressure being released and I knew what had happened was not good. As I felt the knife cut into my arm, I could see blood shoot across the room. Immediately I grabbed the cut on my arm and ran to the bathroom sink! Turning my head to yell at my brother I screamed, â€Å"Nathan, get the first aid kit!† The bleeding was not slow; it kept gushing out, with no control at all! Then Nathan returned. â€Å"Here you go!† He said as he handed the box to me. Turning my head to him I said, â€Å"That’s not going to work you idiot!† As I lifted my thumb from top of the wound more blood shot out and was stopped only by the wall. Now what do I do? Oh no! I am going to have to tell mom and dad! I am in so much trouble right now. So I told my parents and was taken to the emergency room in Douglasville, GA. When I first arrived to the ER we where told by the attendant to hold on, so I took my thumb off the cut for a second and when the woman saw that she let me in immediately.

Airbus Case Study

Airbus A3XX case study Group E10, MBA 2011 Airbus A3XX case study, Group E10 Airbus objectives Both Airbus and Boeing, as well as industry experts expected worldwide passenger traffic to grow at an average annual growth rate of 4. 8-4. 9% for the next 20 years (up until 2019). Given that the traffic was expected to almost triple in volume, both manufacturers expected a significant increase in aircraft sales, although their views on the market structure were different. Airbus expected hub-to-hub routes to become the dominant type of transportation in key regions (transatlantic and transpacific), opposing Boeing’s preference for point-topoint routes. Therefore, Airbus forecasted high growth rates in very large aircraft (VLA) segment, that was expected to reach 1,235 aircraft by 2019. Although Airbus had considerably increased its market share by 1999, it still did not have a product to compete with Boeing’s 747 in the highly-promising VLA market segment. Introduction of A3XX could help Airbus capture more than a half of this segment, and given the segment’s very positive prospects, it could position Airbus as the commercial aviation industry leader. FCF model The model estimates Airbus free cash flows associated with the potential implementation of A3XX project in 2001-2020. All calculations are performed in US dollars, net present value is calculated as of December 31, 2000. Given the uncertainty of model assumptions and the long-term nature of the model itself, additional sensitivity analysis was performed in respect of (a) operating margins, (b) discount rate, (c) inflation rate, (d) aircraft sales, (e) investment expenditure, and (f) sale price. Key assumptions Sales & production †¢ Sale price: $216m as of 2006, rising afterwards at the inflation rate. Although some of the first contracts are expected to be executed with a significant discount, this is not factored into the model due to low data availability. Operating margin: 15%, learning curve effect was ignored due to insufficient data (assuming lower margin in early years and higher margin at later stages — averaging at 15% over the forecasted period). †¢ Sales ramp-up: based on the assumptions used in Lehman Brothers equity research reports (25% of ‘steady state’ capacity in 1st year, 75% in the second year). †¢ Production capacity: 53 aircraft annually in â₠¬Ëœsteady state’ (based on a total sales estimate of 730-750 aircraft in 2001-2020). Pre-payments: although a fraction of the sale price is usually paid in advance, this factor was ignored due to insufficient data (all costs and payments are assumed to occur in the year when aircraft is delivered). -1- Airbus A3XX case study, Group E10 Funding & investments †¢ Funding: $11. 9b of quasi-equity, debt is not used in the project. †¢ Launch costs: $11. 0b for research & development, $1. 0 for capital expenditures, $1. 0b for additional working capital (as per Dresdner Kleinwort report). †¢ Additional capital expenditures: assumed at zero after the investment stage (20012008) is over †¢ Discount rate: 11. % as cost of equity (CAPM = 6. 0% risk-free rate + 0. 84 commercial aviation beta * 6% market risk premium). †¢ Depreciation: straight line over 10 years, starts immediately after corresponding capital expenditures are performed. †¢ R&D expenses are n ot capitalised. Other †¢ Inflation: constant at 2. 0%. †¢ Tax rate: 38. 0% (standard French rate). †¢ Terminal value: growing perpetuity where growth is set at the rate of inflation. †¢ Boeing’s response to A3XX launch is not explicitly modelled (assuming this factor is already taken into account through unit sales and margins). Although the market demonstrates considerable cyclicality, this factor was ignored for the sake of simplicity. Modelling results Net present value of the A3XX project is estimated at $528m, consisting of ($1,447m) NPV of 2001-2020 cash flows and $1,975m of terminal value. The break-even number of planes after the investment stage (in 2009 and beyond) is estimated at 48 per year. In this case the NPV of growing perpetuity is expected at $4,702m (annual inflows of $1,061 growing at 2% with 11% discount rate), while the NPV of cash flows in 2001-2009 is estimated at ($4,552). Sensitivity analysis The following tables present bi-dimensional sensitivity analysis of the resulting NPV for model variables that have significant predictability issues and / or likely to cause huge changes in the resulting NPV: -2- Airbus A3XX case study, Group E10 Project launch considerations Implementation of the A3XX project definitely has a very high risk profile. Although the resulting NPV figure is positive under the base scenario, sensitivity analysis indicates that returns on this project are extremely sensitive to the underlying model assumptions (e. g. a drop in operating margin by just 2 percentage points results in negative NPV). Therefore, there is a high risk of negative returns on this project. The project’s profitability may also be undermined by external market factors. The most crucial ones being (a) the response of Boeing to A3XX project launch, (b) growth rate of the VLA market. However, this project is strategically important for Airbus. Over the last several decades, since the introduction of Boeing 747 the share of VLA segment has expanded significantly. Additionally, analysts estimate VLA manufacturing has the highest operating margins — that is commonly used to subsidise production of smaller aircraft. However Airbus is not present in this segment at this time. Therefore, despite a very high-risk profile of the project, Airbus has good reasons to proceed with this industrial launch. It it difficult to estimate the number of firm orders Airbus needs to have before committing to the project. The financial model suggests it needs to sell 300+ aircraft before cumulative non-discounted project cash flow becomes positive. However, taking into account the fact that airlines do not place orders with delivery time exceeding 5-6 years, it is highly unlikely that Airbus secures orders for 300+ planes before project launch. A significant amount of orders (e. g. 50+) is likely to be enough to test Airbus demand forecasts. Potential Boeing response Although Boeing’s estimations of the VLA market are not so optimistic as Airbus’, it should definitely take some actions to defend its dominant position on this market. Boeing is unlikely to undertake a similar development project (i. e. develop a new plane for the VLA segment), since it would be a lose-lose strategy for both companies given limited size of this market segment. Therefore, the most obvious decision for Boeing would be to invest in the ‘stretch’ version of its 747 model. This is likely to take significant amount of orders away from Airbus while keeping the investment costs low. In case Airbus decides not to go ahead with its A3XX project, Boeing has no incentive to incur any investment costs whatsoever, since it already has established presence in the VLA segment with its 747 aircraft. -3- Airbus A3XX case study, Group E10 Financial projections (in US$ mln) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Revenue Operating pro? t R&D expenses Depreciation EBIT Taxes EBIAT – – – – – 2,808 421 -880 -100 -559 212 -771 8,813 11,910 12,149 12,392 12,640 12,892 13,150 13,413 13,681 13,955 14,234 14,519 14,809 15,105 1,322 -660 -100 562 -214 775 1,787 -440 -100 1,247 -474 1,720 1,822 -100 1,722 -654 2,377 1,859 -100 1,759 -668 2,427 1,896 -100 1,796 -682 2,478 1,934 -75 1,859 -706 2,565 1,973 -40 1,933 -734 2,667 2,012 -5 2,007 -763 2,770 2,052 2,052 -780 2,832 2,093 2,093 -795 2,889 2,135 2,135 -811 2,946 2,178 2,178 -828 3,005 2,221 2,221 -844 3,066 2,266 2,266 -861 3,127 1,100 -2,200 -2,200 -2,200 -1,320 -25 -60 -95 -100 -1,100 -2,225 -2,260 -2,295 -1,420 418 846 859 872 540 -1,518 -3,071 -3,119 -3,167 -1,960 R&D expenses Capital expenditure Net working capital Operating pro? t Taxes Free cash ? ow Discounted FCF -1,100 -2,200 -2,200 -2,200 -1,320 418 -250 -150 846 -350 -300 859 -350 -300 872 -50 -200 540 -880 -50 421 212 -296 -158 -660 1,322 -214 448 21 6 -440 1,787 -474 873 379 1,822 -654 1,168 457 ,859 -668 1,190 419 1,896 -682 1,213 385 1,934 -706 1,227 351 1,973 -734 1,238 319 2,012 -763 1,249 290 2,052 -780 1,272 266 2,093 -795 1,298 244 2,135 -811 1,324 225 2,178 -828 1,350 206 2,221 -844 1,377 190 2,266 -861 1,405 174 -682 -1,755 -1,991 -1,978 -1,030 -614 -1,424 -1,456 -1,303 -611 Aircraft sale price Aircraft sold 216 13 220 40 225 53 229 53 234 53 238 53 243 53 248 53 253 53 258 53 263 53 269 53 274 53 279 53 285 53 -4-

Understanding Iridium Flares

Our night skies are packed full of stars and planets to observe on a dark night. However, there are more objects closer to home that observers plan on seeing every so often. These include the International Space Station (ISS) and numerous satellites. The ISS appears as a slow-moving high-altitude craft during its crossings. Many people often mistake it for a very high-flying jet. Most satellites look like dimmer points of light moving against the backdrop of stars. Some satellites appear to move east to west, while others are in polar orbits (moving nearly north-south). They generally take a little longer to cross the sky than the ISS does. A pair of Iridium satellites flaring. Jupiter is to the right and the bright star Arcturus is to the lower left. Jud McCranie, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0. There are thousands of artificial satellites around Earth, in addition to thousands of other objects such as rockets, reactor cores, and pieces of space debris (sometimes referred to as space junk). Not all of them can be seen with the naked eye. Theres a whole collection of objects called Iridium satellites that can look very bright during certain times of day and night. Glints of sunlight bouncing from them are referred to as Iridium flares and for years they have been observed fairly easily. Many people probably have seen an iridium flare and simply not known what they were looking at. It also turns out that other satellites can show these glints, although most are not as bright as the iridium flares. Whats Iridium? Satellite phone or pager users are major users of the Iridium satellite constellation. The constellation is a set of 66 orbiting stations that provide global telecommunications coverage. They follow highly inclined orbits, which means that their paths around the planet are close to (but not quite) from pole to pole. Their orbits are roughly 100 minutes long and each satellite can link to three others in the constellation. The first  Iridium  satellites were planned to be launched as a set of 77. The name Iridium comes from the element iridium, which is number 77 in the periodic table of the elements. It turns out that 77 were not needed. Today, the constellation is used largely by the military, as well as other clients in the airline and air traffic control communities. Each  Iridium  satellite has a spacecraft bus, solar panels, and a set of antennae. The first generations of these satellites go around Earth in roughly 100-minute orbits at a speed of 27,000 kilometers per ho ur. The History of Iridium Satellites Satellites have been orbiting Earth since the late 1950s when  Sputnik 1  was launched. It soon became obvious that having telecommunication stations in low-Earth orbit would make long-distance communications much easier and so countries began launching their own satellites in the 1960s. Eventually, companies got involved, including the Iridium Communications corporation. Its founders came up with the idea of a constellation of stations in orbit in the 1990s. After the company struggled to find customers and eventually went bankrupt, the constellation is still in operation today and its current owners are planning a new generation of satellites to replacing the aging fleet. Some of the new satellites, called Iridium NEXT, have already been launched aboard SpaceX rockets and more will be sent to space to orbits that will likely not produce as many flares as the older generation has. What Is an Iridium Flare?   As each Iridium satellite orbits the planet, it has a chance to reflect sunlight toward Earth from its triad of antennae. That flash of light as seen from Earth is called an Iridium flare. It looks very much like a meteor flashing through the air very rapidly. These brilliant events can happen up to four times a night and can get as bright as -8 magnitude. At that brightness, they can be spotted in the daytime, although its much easier to see them at night or in twilight. Observers can often spot the satellites themselves crossing the sky, just as they would any other satellite. Looking for an Iridium Flare It turns out that Iridium flares can be predicted. This is because the satellite orbits are well known. The best way to find out when to see one to use a site called  Heavens Above, which keeps track of many known bright satellites, including the Iridium constellation. Simply enter your location and get a feel for when you might see a flare and where to look for it in the sky. The website will give the time, brightness, location in the sky, and length of the flare for as long as they continue to occur. Saying Goodbye to Iridium Flares Over the next few years, many of the low-orbiting Iridium satellites that have been reliably producing flares will be decommissioned. The next generation of satellites wont be producing such flares as reliably as the old ones did due to their orbital configurations. So, it may be that Iridium flares could become a thing of the past. Fast Facts Iridium flares are caused by sunlight glinting from the surfades of low-orbiting Iridium satellites.Such flares can be very bright and last only a few seconds.As new generations of Iridium satellites are being put into higher orbits, Iridium flares may become a thing of the past.